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AN  OUTLINE 
|R  A  FIELD  STUDY 

OF  A 
MBER  OPERATION 


LRED  BY  R.  c.  BRYANT 

ROFESSOR  OF  LUMBERING 
\LE  SCHOOL  OF  FORESTRY 


AN  OUTLINE 
FOR  A  FIELD  STUDY 

OF  A 
LUMBER  OPERATION 


PREPARED  BY  R.  C.  BRYANT 

PROFESSOR  OF  LUMBERING 
YALE  SCHOOL  OF  FORESTRY 


.  -  £  orestry .  Main  Library 


PREFACE 

THIS  outline  was  first  published  in  1912  for  the  use  of 
students  of  the  senior  class  of  the  Yale  School  of  Forestry 
and  for  others  who  might  wish  a  guide  to  aid  them  in  the 
preparation  of  a  report  on  the  field  operations  of  a  lumber 
company.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  include  the  general 
methods  and  practices  in  all  forest  regions,  hence  certain 
topics  which  appear  in  the  outline  will  not  apply  to 
specific  operations,  and  on  the  other  hand  there  may  be 
omissions  of  certain  details  which  apply  to  local  conditions 
and  which  the  student  should  cover. 

Acknowledgment  is  hereby  made  to  the  various  alumni 
and  others  who  have  furnished  criticisms  and  suggestions 
of  the  first  outline  which  have  been  of  great  aid  in  pre- 
paring this  revision. 

New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
March  i,  1922. 


**   4   t\  f\  "** 

o  190  • 


AN  OUTLINE 

FOR  A  FIELD  STUDY  OF  A 

LUMBER  OPERATION 


THIS  outline  is  merely  a  guide  to  field  observations 
and  the  student  is  expected  to  cover  all  details  of  the 
operation,  even  though  some  of  them  may  not  appear 
in  the  outline.  Strict  attention  should  be  given  to 
details  even  though  they  may  appear  of  minor  impor- 
tance only.  The  written  report  should  be  presented 
in  readable  form  and  the  topics  discussed  in  the  order 
in  which  they  appear  in  the  outline.  Liberal  use 
should  be  made  of  maps,  diagrams,  sketches,  and 
photographs  since  they  are  a  great  aid  in  making  the 
text  clear. 


LOGGING  AND  LUMBER 
MANUFACTURE 

I.  THE  REGION 

A.  Topographic  and  climatic  features  of  the  region 
and  their  influence  on  the  methods  and  time  of  log- 
ging and  lumber  manufacture. 

II.  OWNERSHIP  AND  MANAGEMENT 

A.  Organization  chart  showing  the  division  of  respon- 
sibility among  the  management  and  subordinates. 

B.  Capital  invested,  or  capital  stock. 

C.  Property. 

Title:  fee  simple— timber  rights— from  whom  secured 


(state  chief  features  of  timber  contract  and,  if  pos- 
sible, secure  copy  of  same). 

Stumpage:    original    cost — present    value — how    ac- 
quired. 
Taxation:   assessed  value  and  tax  rate. 

D.  Contracts. 

Character  of  those  used  for  any  part  of  the  operation, 
including  the  sale  or  purchase  of  logs  (secure  copy 
of  all  contracts,  when  possible). 

E.  Workmen's  Compensation  Act — chief  features  of. 

F.  Timber  bonds :  amount  and  value.     Important  fea- 
tures of  "Deed  of  Trust." 

G.  Annual  and  daily  cut  of  company. 

H.    Average  number  of  days  worked  per  year  ?    Season 

in  which  operations  are  carried  on? 
I.    Association  membership. 
J.    Accounting  methods  (secure  copy  of  blank  report 

forms,  if  possible). 
K.     Costs  of  production,  itemized. 

III.    THE  FOREST 

A.  Area. 

B.  Silvicultural  condition. 

C.  Stand  per  acre,  and  total  for  each  merchantable 
species. 

D.  Reproduction :    present  condition  and  possibilities 
for,  both  on  uncut  and  on  cut-over  lands. 

E.  Condition  of  cut-over  lands  at  5-  and  i o-year  inter- 
vals after  logging. 

F.  Scheme  of  fire  protection  and  its  efficiency. 

G.  Attitude  of  owners  toward  forest  management. 
H.    Form  of  management  best  adapted  to  the  region. 
I.    Length  of  time  logging  has  been  in  progress  on  the 

tract  and  time  at  which  the  operation  will  be  com- 
pleted. 

J.    Disposal  of  cut-over  lands. 

K.    Demarcation  of  forest  boundaries. 

L.     Scheme  of  public  land  survey  in  region. 


IV.    THE  LOGGING  OPERATION* 

A.  The  Timber  Cruise. 

1.  Methods   of   cruising  and  mapping  used  in  the 
region. 

2.  Accuracy  required  and  obtained  for  both  cruise 
and  map. 

3.  Character    of    reports    (submit   blank    forms    if 
possible). 

4.  Crew,  equipment  and  supplies  required,  time  con- 
sumed, and  total  cost  of  making  a  cruise  and  map 
of    a    given   area   and    stand,    according   to    local 
practice. 

B.  Preliminary  Work. 

1.  Planning  the  logging  operation:    methods. 

2.  Accuracy  with  which  the  various  parts   of  the 
operation    are    estimated — methods    of    estimating 
costs  in  the  field. 

C.  Labor. 

1.  Nationality. 

2.  How    employed:     day,    week,    month,    year,    or 
contract. 

3.  Number  of  men  and  duties  of  each. 

4.  Wages  and  hours  of  labor. 

5.  Bonus  or  like  systems. 

6.  Labor  organizations. 

7.  Total  daily  expense  for  labor  and  board. 

8.  Average  daily  output  per  man. 

D.  Camps. 

1.  Factors  governing  selection  of  site. 

2.  Kind,  size,  number,  and  arrangement  of  buildings 
required  for  a  given  crew.     Make  a  ground  plan, 
drawn    to    scale,   of    the    camp    site    showing   all 
buildings  and  topographic  features. 

*Report  should  be  made  on  all  rough  products  of  the 
forest,  such  as  shingle  bolts,  fuel-wood,  hewed  cross  ties, 
poles,  posts,  stakes,  etc.,  which  are  removed  either  at  the 
time  of  logging  or  at  a  later  period. 


8 

3.  Construction. 

a.  Material:    kind  and  amount  required  for  each 
building — source — value. 

b.  Labor  (manual  and  animal)  :    amount  required 
to  build  a  given  set  of  camps — cost. 

c.  Show    interior    arrangement    of    buildings    by 
accurate  sketches. 

d.  Transportation:    log  and  board  camps    (non- 
portable)— portable  houses — floating  camps — car 
camps. 

e.  Cost  of  lodging,  if  any,  deducted  from  wage. 

4.  Equipment.* 

a.  Stoves  :  kind  and  size  required  for  cooking  and 
heating. 

b.  Kitchen  utensils  and  dining  room  ware — prepare 
a  complete  list,  stating  total  value. 

c.  Furniture :     character   and  amount   required — 
make   sketches    of    bunks,    benches,   tables,   and 
other  camp-made  furniture. 

d.  Bedding :    character  and  amount  per  man — by 
whom  furnished — rules  with  reference  to — total 
value  for  the  camp. 

e.  Laundry :     equipment    furnished — camp    rules 
with  reference  to. 

f.  Drying   rooms:     character   of    equipment  and 
amount  required  for  a  given  number  of  men. 

g.  Refrigeration  plants :   size,  character,  and  cost, 
h.     Cost  of  bedding,  laundry,  etc.,  per  man. 

5.  Camp  hygiene. 

a.  Sanitary  arrangements,  and  rules. 

b.  Air  and  window  space:    number  of  cubic  feet 
per  man? 

c.  Bathing:  conveniences  for — rules  regarding. 

d.  Medical    attention:     provisions     for — cost    to 
employee. 

*Where  camp  is  composed  of  families  and  the  company 
provides  houses  only,  state  terms  under  which  the  latter 
are  furnished. 


e.  Camp      disinfection  :       character — frequency — 
method. 

f.  Social  welfare:    provision  for. 

6.  Blacksmith  and  machine  shop. 

a.  Kind  and  value  of  equipment — supplies  carried 
in  stock — crew  employed — character  of  work 
done — cost  for  supplies  and  for  labor. 

7.  Tool  fitting. 

a.     Saws  and  axes :    methods  and  equipment. 

8.  Camp  store. 

a.  Stock  on  hand  and  sale  prices. 

b.  Average  monthly  expense  per  family,  or  per 
man. 

9.  Commissary  Department. 

a.  Kind,  amount,  and  value  of  supplies  carried  on 
hand. 

b.  Rations :    kind  and  amount — bill  of  fare  for  a 
given  week. 

c.  Average  cost  of  board  per  week.     State  items 
included  in  cost. 

10.  Transportation  of  supplies. 

a.  Toting. 

aa.  Principles  and  methods  involved  in  the  loca- 
tion, construction,  and  maintenance  of  tote 
roads. 

bb.  Crew  required  to  build  and  maintain  roads — 
cost  per  rod,  mile,  or  other  unit. 

cc.  Equipment  used  in  toting,  tonnage  hauled 
per  load — cost  of  toting  per  ton  for  given  dis- 
tances and  conditions. 

b.  Method  of  transporting  supplies  other  than  by 
sled  or  wagon — cost  per  ton. 

E.    Animals. 

1.  Kind  used,  source,  value. 

2.  Type  of  animal  preferred,  weight,  average  life. 

3.  Rations  :    kind — quantity — cost  per  animal. 

4.  Stable  equipment   for  each  animal — total   stable 
equipment  for  a  given  number  of  animals. 


10 


5.  Veterinary  care  of  animals :    common  ailments — 
causes — effect  on  efficiency  of  animals. 

6.  Stable:     special   features   of,    shown   by   sketch, 
drawn  to  scale. 

F.     Felling  and  Log  Making. 

1.  Tools:    quantity  and  purpose  for  which  used — 
methods    of    use — value    of    each    kind.     (Submit 
sketch  of  any  special  tools  used.) 

2.  Crews:    organization  and  supervision. 

3.  Felling. 

a.  Deadening:    object — method — number  of  trees 
per  day — cost  per  tree. 

b.  Felling  strips :  object — size — how  and  by  whom 
are  they  laid  out. 

c.  Felling  direction  :    factors  influencing — methods 
of  determining. 

d.  Stumps  :    minimum  diameter — height — influence 
of  defects  on  selection  of  cutting  point. 

e.  Undercut:  object — size  with  reference  to  diam- 
eter at  cutting  point — position  with  reference  to 
felling  direction — variation  in  practice  for  hard- 
woods and  soft  woods  and  for  small  and  very 
large    timber — for    uphill    fall    as    opposed    to 
downhill. 

f .  Sawing    or    chopping :     location    of    cut    with 
reference  to  undercut — methods. 

g.  Special  methods  for  power  skidding. 

h.     Bed  for  large  trees:    object — character. 

i.  Splitting  large  logs:  method — powder  charge 
used — character  and  amount  of  loss  occasioned 
by. 

j.  Breakage  in  felling:  character — amount — 
reasons  for. 

k.  Bedding  trees :  character,  size,  and  disposition 
of. 

1.  Power  felling  devices  :  character — efficiency — 
crew  required — output — cost  of  machine.  Com- 
pare with  hand  methods. 


II 


m.  Peeling  (other  than  for  tanbark)  :  species 
peeled  (reason  for) — volume  of  bark — influence 
of  season — methods  and  tools — daily  output  per 
man — cost. 

n.  Burning  refuse  :  season — methods — tools — 
crew — cost. 

4.  Log  making  or  bucking. 

a.  Log  lengths :  maximum,  minimum,  and  average 
length — how  and  by  whom  determined — trimming 
length. 

b.  Tops :    minimum  diameter — rules  regarding. 

c.  Hand  and  power  methods  :   relative  efficiency — 
output  per  unit — advantages  of  system  used. 

d.  Supervision:    character  of. 

5.  Swamping  or   limbing :    when  done    (before  or 
after  marking) — if  done  before  swamping  does  it 
affect   utilization   and    cause   waste — tools    used — 
daily  output  per  man — cost. 

6.  Regulations:      lodged     trees — injury     to     young 
growth  or  other  timber  left  standing — swamping — 
top    lopping — species    to    be    removed — quality    of 
timber  to  be  removed — manner  of  enforcing  regu- 
lations— efficiency  of  system. 

7.  Payment:     basis — reasons    for    choice — cost   per 
unit.     (Describe  in  detail  any  bonus  or  like  system 
used  and  its  merits.) 

8.  Utilization :    character  and  amount  of  waste  in 
felling  or  log-making  due  to  high  stumps,  improper 
log  lengths,  improper  division  of  defective  boles, 
failure  to  utilize  fully  the  top,  and  breakage  due 
to  carelessness.     (Instructor  will  furnish  a  special 
form  for  recording  the  field  data.) 

G.     Skidding  and  Yarding, 
i.    With  animals. 

a.  Preparation  of  logs  for  skidding   (swamping, 
sniping,  barking,  etc.). 

b.  Describe    fully,    and    illustrate    with    sketches 
drawn  to  scale,  the  equipment  used  to  skid  logs 


12 


(harness,  chokers,  grabs,  tongs,  go-devils,  drays, 
yarding  sleds,  self-loading  skidders,  two  wheeled 
carts,  etc.).  Cost  and  make  of  each  kind  of 
equipment. 

c.  Crews :     organization — number    of    men    and 
animals  in  each — tools  and  equipment  required 
per  crew — number  of  crews  required  to  put  in  a 
given  amount  of  timber  per  day. 

d.  Skidding  trails  and  roads  :   location — method  of 
construction — maintenance.     Average      cost      of 
trails  and  roads,  per  rod. 

e.  Skidways :    rules  for  location — method  of  con- 
struction— kind  and  size  of  timber  used — crew 
required  for  construction — cost. 

f.  Describe   fully  the  method  of   skidding   logs. 
When  logging  is  done  by  contract,  state  terms. 
On  what  is  contract  price  based? 

g.  Amount  of   timber  handled  in  a  given  time, 
with  a  given  form  of  equipment,  for  100 — 200 — 
500  and  750  feet  and  for  1-4,  1-2,  and  3-4  of 
a  mile.     Cost  per   1000  feet  log  scale.     (State 
average  length  and  contents  of  logs,  character 
and   topography,    condition    of    bottom,    climatic 
conditions,  kind  and  condition  of  animals,  wages, 
and  team  hire.     Instructor  will  provide  a  special 
form  for  recording  field  data.) 

h.     Relation  of  animal  skidding  to  forest  manage- 
ment. 
2.    With  power  (other  than  tractors). 

a.  Special  preparation  of  logs  for  skidding  with 
power  (including  deadening,  swamping,  noseing, 
or  other  processes). 

b.  System  of  power  skidding  used  (cableway,  slack 
rope,  or  snaking)  and  advantages  for  the  specific 
operation — cost  of  one  unit. 

c.  Describe  fully  the  power  skidding  and  loading 
equipment,   and   the  accessories   such   as   water 
tanks,  repair  outfit,  and  blocks — spark  arresters 


13 

used  and  their  efficiency,  regulations  with  refer- 
ence to  their  use — method  of  changing  runs,  etc. 
(Submit  sketches  showing  chief  features  of 
machine,  methods  of  changing  runs,  and  location 
of  landing  and  runs  from  one  set-up.) 

d.  Factors  governing  the  choice  of  landings  and 
limits  of  area  to  be  logged  from  one  set-up. 

e.  General  scheme  of  railroad  or  other  means  of 
transport  for  machines  and  logs.     (Submit  map 
showing  transportation  layout  for  a  limited  area. ) 

f.  Cables:     number,    size,    length,    type,    quality, 
make,  average  life  in  terms  of   feet  log  scale, 
maintenance  methods,  value,  disposition  of  worn 
cables. 

g.  Methods  of  operation,  including  laying-out  job, 
moving  and  setting  up  equipment,  skidding,  and 
loading. 

h.  Crew :  organization,  number  of  men,  .qualifi- 
cations, and  duties. 

i.     Animals  :    number — duties. 

j.  Fuel:  kind,  amount,  how  secured,  relative 
efficiency,  cost  per  unit. 

k.     Water  requirements  per  day — how  provided. 

1.  Capacity,  daily,  of  machine  in  logs  and  log 
scale,  for  given  distances  (to  be  determined  by 
time  studies,  showing  distribution  of  time  for 
each  part  of  operation). 

m.  Relation  of  power  skidding  to  forest  manage- 
ment, based  on  damage  to  young  growth  and 
disturbance  of  ground  surface. 

n.     Spare  parts  carried  in  stock  for  each  unit. 
.     With  tractors. 

a.  Type    of    tractor    used — horse    power — speed 
loaded  and  empty — hauling  capacity. 

b.  Loading  devices:    winches  or  other  equipment. 

c.  Trailers:     type— capacity — method   of    attach- 
ment to  tractor. 

d.  Maintenance  :   character  of  repairs  necessary— 


M 

frequency — skill  demanded — spare  parts  carried 
in  stock — cost  of. 

e.  Oil  and  fuel  requirements. 

f.  Crew:    number,  duties,  and  wages. 

g.  Character  of  roads,  trails,  or  slides. 

h.     Method  of  operation — working  radius. 

i.     Prepare  tables  showing  number  of  trips  made 

under  stated  conditions  of  bottom,  topography, 

and  size  of  timber   for  given  distances    (to  be 

determined  by  time  studies), 
j.     Prepare  sketches  showing  important  features  of 

the  machine  and  of  the  auxiliary  equipment, 
k.     Logging  costs  as  compared  to  other  methods 

used  on  same  job. 

H.     Scaling. 

1.  Log  rule  used. 

2.  Log    sealer's    equipment:     scale    stick — books — 
crayons. 

3.  Method  of  scaling:   scheme  for  "cutting"  defec- 
tive logs — interpretation  of  a  merchantable  log — 
measurement  of  sound  logs — recording  results. 

4.  Check  scaling :   how  and  by  whom  done. 

5.  Scaling    crew :     number    of    men — manner    of 
employment. 

6.  Reports  (character  and  to  whom  submitted). 

7.  Marking    logs:     method — tools — log    marks    in 
use — law  in  regard  to  log  marks. 

I.     Brush  Disposal. 

1.  Object. 

2.  Laws  in  regard  to. 

3.  Lopping :   methods — efficiency — crew. 

4.  Scattering  brush:    methods — efficiency — crew. 

5.  Piling :    season — method. 

6.  Burning:      season — method — tools — efficiency    of 
burning  operation. 

7.  Cost  per  1000  feet,  log  scale. 

8.  Influence  on  cost  of  logging. 


15 

J.     Land  Transportation  of  Logs. 

1.  On  sleds. 

a.  Two-sleds,  or  other  types. 

aa.  Type :  describe  and  illustrate  with  sketches 
the  equipment — loading  methods,  hand,  power, 
and  animal. 

bb.     Draught  power. 

Animals:  kind  and  number  per  sled — average 
load  hauled  under  given  conditions — number  of 
round  trips  made  in  a  given  time  on  hauls  of 
specified  lengths  and  under  given  conditions. 
Power:  character  of  machine  used — crew: 
number — duties — wages.  Fuel  and  water  re- 
quirements— efficiency,  loaded,  on  different 
grades — method  of  operation — equipment  re- 
quired for  hauling  a  given  amount  a  specified 
distance,  under  stated  conditions. 

b.  Roads. 

aa.     Location  :    principles — methods. 

bb.  Construction:  grading — corduroy  work — 
bridge  construction — season — crews ;  number 
of  men,  duties,  wages,  time  required  to  build  a 
given  amount  of  specified  road — cost  of  each 
part  of  work — total  cost  per  mile,  or  other  unit. 

cc.  Maintenance:  character  of  repairs — crews: 
duties  and  wages. 

Equipment:     describe    and    submit    sketch   of 
snow  plough,  rutt  cutter,  and  sprinkler — cost. 

dd.     Cost  of  roads  itemized. 

c.  Landings  :     character — size — capacity — methods 
of  construction — unloading  and  banking — crew — 
itemized  cost  per  1000  feet,  log  scale. 

2.  On  wheels. 

a.     High  wheels. 

aa.     Type  and  make  of   cart  and  equipment — 

advantages  of.     (Submit  sketches.) 
bb.     Preparation  of  logs  for  hauling — length  and 

size   of    logs   handled — swamping — bunching — 

loading — unloading. 


i6 


cc.     Operation :    methods. 

dd.    Draught    power:     animals — kind,    number, 

efficiency, 
ee.     Output:    amount   handled  daily   for   given 

distances  and  conditions — cost  per  1000  feet, 

log  scale  (based  on  time  studies), 
ff.    Relative  efficiency  as  compared  to  wagons, 
.  motor  trucks,  and  other  forms  of  equipment 

used  to  move  logs. 

b.  Wagons,  4-,  6-,  and  8-wheeled. 

aa.     Type  used:   wagon  equipment — cost. 

bb.  Logs :  lengths  handled — swamping — "bunch- 
ing"— loading — unloading. 

cc.    Draught  power. 

Animals :  kind — number — efficiency — cost. 
Mechanical:  type  of  draught  power  used — cost 
— kind,  amount,  and  value  of  fuel — advantage. 

dd.    Crews. 

Organisation:     wages — number    of    men    and 
animals  required  for  a  given  job. 

ee.  Roads  :  location — construction — maintenance 
— cost. 

ff.  Operation:  prepare  a  tabular  statement 
showing  time  required  per  trip  for  given  con- 
ditions and  distance — minimum,  average,  and 
maximum  loads  hauled — crew — wages — condi- 
tions of  road  bed — grades — and  physical  con- 
dition of  animals.  Average  daily  output  per 
unit — cost  per  1000  feet,  log  scale  (based  on 
time  studies). 

gg.  Relative  efficiency  as  compared  to  carts, 
motor  trucks,  and  other  equipment  used  for 
moving  logs. 

c.  Motor  trucks. 

aa.  Type  used — rated  capacity  in  tons — capacity 
in  feet  log  scale — engine  horse-power — advan- 
tages of  type  for  logging  purposes. 

bb.    Type  of  body  used;    including  bunks,  load- 


17 

ing  devices,  etc.  (show  special  features  by 
sketches). 

cc.  Type  of  trailer  used.  Describe  and  illustrate 
any  special  features  by  sketches. 

dd.  Size  and  length  of  logs  that  can  be  handled, 
and  average  number  per  load. 

ee.     Fuel  and  oil  requirements,  daily  and  monthly. 

ff.  Maintenance  requirements — chief  troubles — 
spare  parts  carried  on  hand — skill  required  in 
repair  work — crew  for  repair  work. 

gg.     Loading  and  hauling  practice. 

hh.  Number  of  trips  per  day  for  given  distances, 
bottom,  topography,  and  loads  (based  on  time 
studies). 

ii.  Roads:  character,  construction,  and  main- 
tenance. 

jj.    Crews:   number  of  men — duties. 

kk.  Cost  per  1000  feet,  log  scale,  for  given 
distances  and  conditions.  Compare  with  other 
forms  of  transport  for  similar  conditions. 

11.  Make  sketches  of,  and  describe  carefully  all 
important  features  of  the  motor  truck,  auxil- 
iary equipment  and  special  forms  of  roadbeds. 

3.  Slides  and  chutes. 

a.  Conditions  under  which  used. 

b.  Location:      principles     and     methods — curves, 
grades,  etc. 

c.  Form   of   slide   and  terminals:    describe   and 
show  by  sketches,  drawn  to  scale. 

d.  Construction:   methods— material — crews. 

e.  Operation:     feeding   and   tending   the   slide — 
length  and  diameter  of  logs  handled— log  control 
— crews — cost  per  1000  feet  handled. 

f .  Maintenance :  life  of  slide— character  of  repairs 
— crew  required — cost. 

4.  Aerial  tramways. 

a.  Conditions  under  which  used. 

b.  Construction:     methods— materials    required— 


i8 


cost  for  labor  and  materials — make  sketches 
drawn  to  scale  of  towers,  cable  supports,  trolleys, 
loading  and  unloading  platforms,  and  other 
essential  features. 

c.  Power :   character  ^f  device  used  for  operation 
of  trolley. 

d.  Operation  :    method — crews — capacity — cost 

e.  Maintenance :    average  life — character  of  and 
amount  of  repairs  inquired — supplies  carried  on 
hand — cost. 

5.  Road  engine   (Bull  Donkey). 

a.  Adaptability. 

b.  Equipment :   types  and  dimensions  of  boiler  and 
rated  horse  power — engines :    size  of  cylinders 
and    length    of     stroke — cables ;      size,     length, 
quality,    life,    cost — number    and    size    of    road 
spools,  sheaves,  fair-leaders,  and  like  equipment 
— type  of  spark  arrester  used.     Cost  of  equip- 
ment per  unit. 

c.  Road :  .  character,  location,  construction,  main- 
tenance, cost. 

d.  Landings :     location,    construction,   and   equip- 
ment. 

e.  Operation :    method — crews — cost. 

6.  Railroad. 

a.  General:    relation  of  logging  road  to  lumber 
company — if  chartered,  reasons  for  same. 

b.  Location:    factors  governing — survey;    crews, 
methods,  equipment,  cost — curves  and  grades  per- 
missible. 

c.  Rights-of-way :    how  secured — width — cost  per 
acre  or  other  unit. 

aa.     Construction. 

(i)     Clearing  right-of-way :, 
Methods  of  felling  timber  and  cutting  brush, 
log  lengths  of  merchantable  timber — brush 
disposal,   stumps,  height  on  grade  and  off 
grade,  methods  of  stump  removal  by  grub- 


bing,  blasting  or  burning,  relative  ease  of 
removing  stumps  of  different  species,  amount 
and  kind  of  explosive  used  for  stumps  of 
given  size  and  species — length  of  time  right- 
of-way  is  cut  in  advance  of  grading — size 
and  organization  of  crew  and  amount  of 
work  done,  daily,  per  man — cost  of  clearing 
per  acre  or  other  unit. 

(2)  Grading: 

Material:    classification  of,  and  determina- 
tion of  amount  of  yardage. 
Rock:    Methods  of  blasting  or  other  means 
of  reducing  to  a  size  that  can  be  handled, 
including  drilling,   loading  holes,   kind  and 
amount  of  explosive,  fuse  and  caps ;    labor 
required;   cost  per  cubic  yard  for  supplies. 
Earth:     methods    and    equipment    used    in 
moving ;  labor  required ;  cost  per  cubic  yard. 
Labor:    organization  of  crews,  daily  output 
per  man,  cost  per  cubic  yard. 
Grade  cross  section:   profile  on  level  and  on 
fills  and  in  cuts,  shown  by  sketches  drawn  to 
scale. 

(3)  Timber  work: 

Trestles:   type — character  and  size  of  timber 
used    for    the    various    members — character 
and   amount   of   hardware   required — equip- 
ment    used     for     construction     purposes — 
methods  of  construction — amount  of  timber 
required  in  construction — when  are  trestles 
used  in  preference  to  a  fill  or  a  truss  bridge. 
Culverts:    same  data  as  for  trestles. 
Cribbing:    same  data  as  for  trestles. 
Corduroy:    same  data  as  for  trestles. 
Bridges:    same  data  as  for  trestles. 
Labor:    organization  of  crews,  number  of 
men  required  and  qualifications,  daily  output 
per  man  for  structures  of  different  heights. 


20 


Cost  for  labor  and  materials  itemized,  for 
different  classes  of  structures,  per  linear 
foot. 

(4)  Supplies. 

Rails:   weight,  condition,  and  cost. 

Rail  accessories:  character  of  rail  fastenings, 

bolts,  spikes,   rail  braces,   crossings,   switch 

frogs,  and  throws. 

Ties   (standard  and  switch):    species,   size, 

source,  life,  number  per  rail,  cost. 

(5)  Steel    laying   and    removal:     equipment, 
including  description  and  sketch  of  rail  and 
tie     car     or     track-laying    machine — crew ; 
organization,    size,    and    duties — methods — 
number  of  rails  laid  or  taken  up,  daily,  per 
man ;    cost. 

(6)  Surfacing:     character    of    work,    crew 
required  and  its  organization ;  methods,  cost. 

bb.     Maintenance  of  way :    character  of  work — 
methods — number  and  size  of  section  crews — 
wages — cost, 
d.     Equipment. 

aa.  Locomotives:  number,  type,  make,  tonnage 
loaded,  hauling  ability  on  given  grades — general 
efficiency — fuel,  water,  and  oil  requirements — 
spare  arresters;  type,  efficiency,  state  laws 
with  reference  to. 

bb.  Cars :  number,  character,  capacity,  make, 
weight,  bunk  spikes  or  chock  blocks — chain 
holding  devices — length  of  logs  handled  (max- 
imum, minimum,  and  average) — character  of 
usual  repairs  and  maintenance  necessary. 
Show  special  features  of  cars  by  sketches, 
drawn  to  scale. 

cc.     Repair  shop:    equipment,  methods,  crew. 

dd.     Loading  equipment: 

(i)     Type  of  loading  device  used:  cross-haul, 
gin    pole,    sky    line,    other    power    loaders. 


21 


(Describe  and  illustrate  by  sketches  any 
special  features  connected  with  the  loading 
equipment.) 

(2)  Capacity :  length  and  size  of  logs  handled 
(maximum,  minimum,  and  average  lengths 
and  diameters) — time  required  to  load  cars — 
fuel,  oil,  and  water  requirements  of  power 
loaders — maximum  working  radius — size  and 
duties  of  crew — methods  used  in  loading. 

(3)  Repairs:    character,   method,   equipment 
required,  crews,  cost. 

K.    Water  Transport. 

i.     Streams,  lakes,  and  the  ocean. 

a.  Requirements  of  driveable  stream  or  other  body 
of  water. 

b.  Improvements. 

aa.  Dams :  requirements  for  a  good  site ; 
methods,  crews,  amount  of  material  required 
and  cost  of  construction ;  form  of  gates  used. 
Show  structure  of  dam  and  gates  by  sketches, 
drawn  to  scale. 

bb.  Booms,  wing  dams,  etc. :  form ;  construc- 
tion ;  use ;  and  cost.  Illustrate  different  forms 
by  sketches,  drawn  to  scale. 

cc.  Sluices  and  log  flumes:  conditions  under 
which  used ;  form ;  location ;  construction ; 
operation;  maintenance;  cost. 

dd.  Stream  cleaning;  removal  of  debris,  drift 
wood,  rock,  etc.;  methods;  equipment;  cost. 

ee.  Sorting  gaps:  form;  purpose  for  which 
used;  show  arrangement  and  construction  of 
gaps,  booms,  piers,  etc.,  by  sketches  drawn 
to  scale. 

c.  The  drive.  «• 
aa.     Season  and  distance. 

bb.    Landing:    "breaking  down,"  movement  of 

logs  through  splash  dam. 
cc.    Management  of  drive  on  small  and  large 


22 


streams  (private,  union,  boom  company,  or 
combination  of  two  or  more)  ;  character  and 
amount  of  equipment  required. 

dd.  Crews :  number  of  men,  wages,  camp  man- 
agement. 

ee.  Sorting:  objects — methods — crews — contents 
in  feet — log  scale  of  average  log — daily  and 
annual  capacity  of  sorting  works — cost  per 
1000  feet,  log  scale. 

ft".  Deadheads :  equipment  for  and  methods  of 
recovery;  percentage  of  loss  in  scale  between 
"bank"  and  mill,  and  reasons  for  same ;  owner- 
ship and  value  of  logs ;  transportation  to  mill. 

gg.  Log  damage :  character  and  amount  due  to 
toredos,  "brooming,"  breakage,  sap  rot,  or  other 
causes. 

d.  Rafting. 

aa.     Reasons  for  and  laws  with  reference  to. 

bb.  Raft  construction :  methods ;  form  and 
size;  equipment  and  crew  required  to  con- 
struct ;  cost. 

e.  Towing:     character    of    tug   boats    and    other 
equipment  used ;   pulling  ability ;    amount  of  fuel 
used;    crew;    cost  of  operation  per  1000  feet. 

f .  Flumes  :   see  schedule,  page  32. 

g.  Prepare  a  tabulated  statement  showing  total 
crew  employed,   duties,  wages,   and   division   of 
responsibility  and  daily  output  per  man. 

L.     Prepare  a  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Logging. 

V.    LUMBER  MANUFACTURE 
A.    The  Plant. 

1.  Location  and  advantages  of  the  site. 

2.  Character   of    plant,    including   mills,   dwellings, 
commissaries,  office  buildings,  etc. 

3.  Form  of  local  government,  incorporated  or  non- 
incorporated — reasons  for,  and  advantages  of  plan. 

4.  Merits  of  the  plant. 

5.  Daily  and  annual  output. 


23 

6.  Organization :     prepare    a    chart    showing    the 
scheme  of  organization  of  labor,  duties,  wages,  and 
division  of  responsibility. 

7.  Prepare   a   ground   plan   of    entire  plant    (scale 
i  inch  =  200  feet),  showing  location  of  all  build- 
ings,   lumber   yard,    refuse   burners,   water   tanks, 
hose  houses,  fire  plugs,  log  pond,  etc. 

B.     Sawmill. 
i.     Log  storage. 

a.  Water. 

aa.  Rollways :  form  of  rollway  at  log  pond  or 
on  stream  including  height  of  brow  above 
water.  Show  construction  by  sketches  drawn 
to  scale. 

bb.  Log  unloading  devices :  describe  the  equip- 
ment used  for  unloading  log  cars — efficiency  of 
method — log  breakage  in  unloading — danger  to 
workmen — does  train  crew  or  special  crew  do 
the  unloading — show  important  features  by 
sketch  drawn  to  scale. 

cc.  Pond  or  stream :  area,  capacity  in  1000  feet, 
log  scale,  arrangement  of  booms,  method  of 
handling  logs,  control  of  flood  water. 

dd.  Character  and  amount  of  damage  from 
toredo  or  other  causes  due  to  long  storage  in 
water. 

ee.  Power  log  bucking  devices  :  equipment  used, 
location  with  reference  to  mill,  method  of 
operation,  crew  required.  Make  sketch  of 
equipment. 

ff .  Deadheads  :  class  of  logs  that  sink ;  equip- 
ment for,  and  methods  of  raising;  cost. 

gg.  Hot  ponds :  method  of  keeping  pond  open 
in  cold  weather. 

b.  Land. 

aa.     Rollways :     form    of    rollway    or    storage 

ground,  area,  capacity, 
bb.     Log  handling  devices  :  character,  method  of 

operation,  crew  required,  capacity. 


cc.  Sketch  drawn  to  scale  of  log  storage  area 
and  log  handling  devices. 

c.  Labor :    crews,  organization,  duties,  wages. 

d.  Storage  expense:    statement  showing  expense 
per  1000  feet. 

2.     Equipment  and  operation  of  mill. 

a.  Make  a  ground  plan,  to  scale,  showing  arrange- 
ment of  machinery  on  sawing  floor. 

b.  Building:    dimensions;    type  of   construction; 
necessity  for  and  character  of  natural  and  arti- 
ficial  light;    amount   of   material    required   for 
construction;    size  of  important  members;    cost 
per  unit  for  labor  and  materials. 

c.  Log  hoisting  machinery :   describe  and  illustrate 
the    equipment   used    for    and    the    methods    of 
bringing  logs  from  the  pond  or  storage  yard  to 
the  log  deck. 

d.  Log     washing     devices :      objects,     character, 
amount  of  water  required,  source. 

e.  Deck  machinery :    describe  and  illustrate  the 
deck  machines  and  equipment,  and  the  mode  of 
operation    (cut  off  saws,  drag  saws,  log-stops- 
and  loaders,  "niggers,"  log  turners,  etc.),  amount 
of  manual  labor  involved  in  operation. 

f.  Log  carriage:  describe  carriages  (length,  max- 
imum diameter  of  log  handled,  log  "dogs,"  set 
works,  knees,  blocks,  offset,  trailer,  etc.). 

g.  Carriage  feed. 

aa.  Steam :  length  and  diameter  of  cylinder, 
diameter  of  piston,  attachment  to  carriage, 
valves,  method  of  speed  control,  length  of  run, 
steam  requirements. 

bb.  Cable:  size,  power,  and  location  of  engine; 
length,  size,  and  character  of  cable;  length  of 
run;  speed;  attachment  to  carriage;  control. 

cc.     Rack  and  pinion:    dimensions  of  rack  and 

of  pinion ;    speed ;   method  of  control, 
h.     Carriage  tracks:    length  of  run;    gauge,  size, 

and  form  of  track ;   number  of  rails  and  method 

of  attachment  to  floor;    type  of  track  cleaners. 


25 

«.     Bumpers :    object,  form,  location. 

j.     Band  mills:    chief  features;    make;    diameter 

of  wheels,  crown,  saw  stretching  device,  r.p.m.,* 

h.p.f   required,    length   of    saw    (maximum  and 

minimum),   largest   log  passing  under  the  saw 

guide;    log  splitters,  character,  and  when  used.$ 

k.    Circular  mill:   chief  features  of  husk;    make; 

r.p.m.   of    saw;    board   spreader;     feed  works; 

h.p.  required :  character  of  logs  sawed ;   top  saw, 

direction  of  rotation,  r.p.m. 

1.  Rock  saw:  object  of ;  character;  power  appli- 
cation; method  of  use. 

m.  Sash  gang  mill :  chief  features ;  make ;  size ; 
number  of  saws;  strokes  per  minute;  founda- 
tion; h.p.  required;  character  of  logs  sawed; 
advantages  of  gang  saw. 

n.     Resaws :    chief    features,   advantages    (follow 
band  mill,  or  circular  mill,  schedule  according  to 
character  of  resaw). 
o.     Saws. 

aa.  Band :  length,  width,  gauge  of  teeth  and  of 
t>lade,  number  of  teeth  per  linear  foot,  shape 
of  teeth,  tension,  tire,  kerf,  feed  speed,  number 
of  1000  feet  B.M.§  sawed  at  one  filing,  average 
life,  daily  cut  per  saw,  number  of  saws  on 
hand,  use  made  of  worn  saws,  cost  of  saws 
per  linear  foot. 

bb.  Circular:  diameter;  gauge;  tension;  speed; 
shape,  size,  and  number  of  teeth ;  kerf  ;  feed ; 
number  of  1000  feet  B.M.  sawed  at  one  riling; 
life  of  saw;  daily  cut;  number  of  saws  on 
hand ;  cost. 

^Revolutions  per  minute. 

fHorse  power. 

^Describe  band  log  splitter  under  same  headings  as  for 

band  mill. 
§Board  ^measure. 


26 


cc.  Gang  saw :  length ;  width ;  gauge  of  teeth 
and  saw  blades;  tension;  size  and  shape  of 
teeth;  kerf;  feed;  number  of  1000  feet  B.M. 
sawed  at  one  filing;  life  of  saw;  number  of 
saws  on  hand;  cost. 

dd.  Resaw :  follow  schedule  for  band  or  circu- 
lar, as  required. 

p.  Filing :  arrangement  and  equipment  of  filing 
room;  character  of  work  performed;  principles 
of  "saw-fitting" ;  methods ;  crew  organization, 
qualifications,  and  wages;  cost  per  1000  feet 
B.M. 

q.  Edgers:  type;  number;  diameter,  and  gauge 
of  saw  blade  and  of  teeth,  arrangement  and 
control  of  saws ;  r.p.m. ;  kerf ;  feed  speed ; 
daily  output;  h.p.  required;  crew  organization; 
maximum  size  of  material  handled, 
r.  Trimmer:  type;  number,  diameter,  gauge  of 
saws ;  gauge  of  teeth ;  arrangement  and  control 
of  saws ;  kerf ;  r.p.m. ;  h.p.  required ;  daily  out- 
put; maximum  length  and  thickness  of  boards 
handled. 

s.  Slasher:  type;  arrangement;  number,  diam- 
eter, and  gauge  of  saws ;  kerf ;  r.p.m. ;  h.p. 
required;  disposal  of  refuse;  loss  of  lath  stock 
due  to  careless  feeding  of  slabs  and  edgings  to 
saws. 

t.  Hog,  or  refuse  grinder:  type;  arrangement 
and  number  of  knives;  r.p.m.;  h.p.  required; 
capacity  in  cords  per  hour;  class  of  material 
ground  in  the  hog. 

u.  Lumber  and  cant  trips  :  describe  and  illustrate 
the  various  kinds  of  trips  used  in  handling 
lumber,  cants,  and  other  material, 
v.  Board  drops  or  "ease  downs" ;  character  and 
effectiveness  in  preventing  splits  behind  head 
saws. 

w.  Transfer  chains  and  accessories  :  describe  and 
illustrate  the  various  types  of  chains  used  for 


27 

conveying  lumber,  shingles,  laths,  sawdust,  slabs 

and  other  refuse. 
x.     Live  rollers  :  character ;  arrangement ;  form  of 

drive;    speed;   control;    h.p.  required, 
y.    Assorting  table :   length ;   height ;   width ;   kind 

of    chains    used ;     patent    assorting    and    labor 

saving    devices;     method    of    handling    lumber; 

crew, 
z.     Loading   docks :     type    used    for    storage    and 

loading  of  timbers.     (Submit  sketch,  drawn  to 

scale.) 
C.     Power  Plant. 

1.  Building:   character  of  construction  ;  dimensions; 
location   with    reference   to   yards,    sawmills,   and 
other  buildings. 

2.  Boilers:      character;      number;      arrangement; 
make ;   size ;   steam  pressure ;   horse  power ;   boiler 
accessories,  steam  drum,  water  heaters,  injectors; 
character  of  grates,  Dutch  ovens,  and  other  special 
facilities  for  burning  a  given  kind  of  fuel ;    size  of 
fire  box ;    diameter  and  height  of  stack. 

3.  Fuel :    kind  and  amount  used ;    method  of   fuel 
transfer  to  "dust"  house  and  power  house ;   stoking 
devices. 

4.  Engines:     number;     type;     make;     r.p.m. ;     h.p. 
developed;     frequency  of  tests  to  determine  effi- 
ciency. 

5.  Pumps :    number ;    type ;    make ;    size  of  steam, 
air,  and  water  cylinders;    capacity  of  free  air  or 
water ;   purpose  for  which  used. 

6.  Power  transmission  :   shafting ;   size,  and  location 
of  main  and  secondary  shafts  for  driving  sawmill 
machinery — belting  or  rope  drive;   dimensions  and 
arrangement  of  all  belts  and  ropes  used  for  trans- 
mission. 

7.  Mill     repair :      millwright    equipment     for    mill 
repair ;  character  of  repairs  made ;  supplies  carried 
on  hand ;    crew.     Frequency  of  inspection  of  car- 
riages, mills,  and  other  machinery. 


28 


D.  Sawing:     plain   and   quarter   sawing;     manner   in 
which  logs  of  different  sizes  and  possessing  various 
defects  (rot,  crooks,  knots,  etc.)  are  sawed;   dimen- 
sions of  rough  green,  4/4,  6/4,  8/4  and  other  standard 
sizes,  when  they  leave  the  saw.    Thickness  of  flitches 
or  planks  to  be  sawed  on  the  resaw.     Show  diagram- 
matically  the  manner  in  which  logs  of  various  sizes 
are  sawed.     Method  of  sawing  rough,  smooth,  and 
defective  logs,  also  those  with  sweep.     Influence  of 
visible  defects  on  the  sawing  contents  of  logs  both 
as  to  volume  and  grade  as  compared  to  sound,  straight 
logs  of  the  same  length  and  diameter.     Character  of 
material  reworked  on  the  gang  or  resaw.     Are  logs 
sawed  parallel  to  surface  or  to  axis?     Policy  with 
reference    to    sawing    butt-end    or    small    end    first. 
Policy     with     reference     to     slabbing.     Are     slabs 
resawed?     Determine  by  time  studies  the  per  cent  of 
total  elapsed  time  that  the  sawyer  spends  on  operating 
log-stop-and-loader,  steam  nigger,  gigging  back  the 
carriage,  and  running  the  saw  in  the  cut.     (Instructor 
will  supply  a  special  outline  and  detailed  instructions.) 

E.  Logs  :  number  sawed  daily ;   grades  produced ;   per 
cent  of  each  lumber  grade  in  average  daily  run  of 
mill ;    log  rule  used  on  the  deck ;   per  cent  of  "over- 
run" ;   class  of  logs  that  yield  the  higher  and  highest 
grades  of  lumber. 

F.  Lumber  :    kinds  of  lumber  products  manufactured ; 
method  of  manufacture    (in  detail)    from   pond  to 
car ;  grading  rules  used ;   grading  methods  and  crew ; 
grades  which  are  air-dried  and  kiln-dried ;    shrinkage 
in  seasoning;    loss  in  weight  during  seasoning;    ship- 
ping weights  of  lumber.     Per  cent  of  different  thick- 
nesses cut.     Tallying  output  of  mill. 

G.  Conditioning  Lumber: 

1.  Objects. 

2.  Methods. 

a.     "Dipping":    objects;    stain,  cause  of,  kind  of 
wood   and   species   attacked,    season    of   attack; 


construction  of  dipping  tank  (draw  to  scale)  ; 
formula  for  dipping  solution;  preparation  of 
solution ;  length  of  time  lumber  is  immersed ; 
amount  of  chemical  solution  required  to  dip  1000 
board  feet;  subsequent  treatment  of  lumber; 
origin  and  cost  of  chemicals ;  crew ;  cost  per 
1000  board  feet. 

b.  Yards:    area;    distance   from  mill  and  other 
buildings ;      arrangement    and    construction    of 
"dolly  ways"  ;  width  and  condition  of  alley  ways  ; 
equipment  for,  and  method  of  transporting  lumber 
from  the  assorting  table  to  yard  and  yard  to 
planer,   or  car;    character  of    lumber   dried  in 
yard;     advantages    and    disadvantages    of    yard 
drying ;    piles,  arrangement,  dimensions,  founda- 
tions, roof,  location  with  reference  to  prevailing 
winds,  average  contents ;    crews  and  work  per- 
formed daily ;  weight  of  lumber  before  and  after 
drying ;    total  crew  on  yard  work ;    cost  of  yard 
work  per  1000  board  feet. 

c.  Dry  kilns :    type ;    capacity ;    average  tempera- 
ture and   humidity  maintained  at  each   end   in 
progressive  kiln ;  kind,  size,  and  amount  of  heat- 
ing pipe  and  its  location  in  kiln ;   source  of  heat 
and  steam  pressure;    disposal  of  water  of  con- 
densation ;   time  required  to  dry  lumber  of  differ- 
ent   species    and    thickness;     special    problems 
involved  in  kiln  drying;    kiln  trucks,  character 
and  capacity,  method  of  piling  lumber  on,  auto- 
matic stackers;    other  kiln  equipment;    handling 
lumber  at  receiving  and  discharging  end;    per 
cent  of   total   cut   and   the   grades   kiln   dried; 
weight  of  lumber  before  and  after  drying;  crew, 
wages,  and  duties ;    labor  saving  devices  used  in 
handling  kiln  truck  loads;    cost  per  1000  board 
feet. 

d.  Dry  sheds:    construction  and  capacity   (show 
important  features  of  construction  in  a  sketch 


30 

drawn  to   scale)  ;    class  of   lumber  stored  and 

length  of  time. 

3.  Plant  sanitation :  measures  in  use  to  keep  sheds, 
yards,  and  various  parts  of  the  plant  in  a  sanitary 
condition  with  reference  to  wood  decay. 

H.     Planing  Mill. 

1.  Building:     dimensions;     type    of    construction; 
location    with    reference    to    remainder    of    plant; 
character  of  construction. 

2.  Equipment:    type  of  machines  used;    speed  and 
capacity  of  each  machine  and  of  entire  plant;   h.p. 
required  for  each  machine  and  for  plant ;   applica- 
tion  of    power;     make    ground   plan   of   building 
showing  location  of  different  machines. 

3.  Power  transmission  (see  power  transmission,  saw 
mill). 

4.  Output:    patterns  of  finished  lumber  produced; 
degree  of  dryness  of  lumber  for  best  results ;  thick- 
ness lumber  must  be  in  rough  to  make  different 
patterns ;    quality  and  size  of  lumber  from  which 
various  patterns  are  made ;   waste  in  manufacture. 

5.  Assorting  lumber :  arrangements  for  and  methods 
of ;    grading ;    assorting  and  handling  lumber. 

6.  Power  Plant  (see  sawmill — power  plant). 

7.  Fuel   (see  sawmill — fuel). 

8.  Labor :     prepare  a  chart   showing   planing   mill 
labor,  organization,  duties,  cost. 

I.  Study  and  describe  in  detail  any  special  forms  of 
utilization  practiced  in  any  part  of  the  plant,  whereby 
"shorts,"  odd  lengths,  edging  strips,  trimmings, 
defective  lumber,  or  refuse  are  made  into  a  commer- 
cial product.  (Instructor  will  provide  a  special  out- 
line.) 

J.  Refuse  Disposal :  method  for  sawmill  and  planing 
mill ;  character  and  location  of  enclosed  burners  and 
open  pits;  conveyors;  exhaust  system;  size  and 
character  of  fan,  r.p.m.,  h.p.  required;  length  and 
diameter  of  blow-pipe,  volume,  velocity,  pressure  of 


31 

air.     "Cyclone,"  size  and  construction ;    compressed 
air  cleaning  systems. 

K.  Electric  Plant :  type,  make,  and  capacity  of  dyna- 
mos ;  number,  candlepower,  and  location  of  lights 
around  the  plant ;  capacity  of  motors  and  purpose  for 
which  used ;  attitude  towards  electric  machine  drive ; 
cost  of  plant. 

L.  Water  Supply:  location  and  capacity  of  storage 
tanks;  number,  make,  type,  size,  and  capacity  of 
pumps ;  average  tank  pressure ;  fire  pressure ;  source 
of  water  supply. 

M.  Fire  Protection:  equipment  for  fire  protection; 
fire  companies,  fire  drill ;  system  of  automatic 
sprinklers. 

N.  Insurance:  amount,  character,  and  cost  on  each 
part  of  plant.  Insurance  requirements. 

O.  Lubricating  Oil:  kinds  and  quantities  used  for 
different  purposes  around  the  plant,  amount  carried 
on  hand. 

P.  Machine  Shop:  equipment;  class  of  work  per- 
formed— crew ;  organization,  duties,  and  wages. 

Q.  Supply  Department :  character  and  amount  of 
supplies  carried  on  hand;  how  are  supplies  issued. 

R.  Submit  an  itemized  statement  showing  the  cost  of 
the  following  buildings  and  equipment :  the  sawmill, 
power  house,  planing  mill,  dry  kilns,  dry  sheds,  and 
other  structures. 

S.  Determine  the  number  of  one-man  hours  required, 
for  each  manufacturing  process,  to  produce  1000 
board  feet  of  lumber;  hours  of  labor;  manner  of 
payment  (special  outline  to  be  provided  by  in- 
structor). 

T.  Submit  a  chart  showing  sawmill  crew  organization, 
duties  and  wages.  Daily  output  per  man. 

U.  Glossary  of  terms  used  in  lumber  manufacture, 
which  are  peculiar  to  the  region. 


32 

VI.    LUMBER  SHIPMENT  AND  TRANSPORTA- 
TION 

A.  Shipping   Department:    organization;    duties  and 
qualifications  of  shipping  clerk ;    blank  forms  used ; 
crews,  wages,  duties,  and  daily  output  per  man ;  total 
cost  of  department  per  1000  board  feet. 

B.  Rail  Transport:    loading:    facilities  for;    methods 
for  flat  and  box  cars;    labor  saving  devices  used  in 
loading;     capacity   in    1000   board    feet   of    cars   of 
various  sizes;    minimum  car  capacity;    size,  quality, 
and  quantity  of  lumber  required  to  stake  flat  cars, 
cost  of  material  and  labor  per  car;    weighing  cars; 
demurrage  rules ;   "billing  out"  cars ;   crews  and  daily 
output;    cost  per  1000  board  feet  for  loading. 

C.  Water  Transport: 

1.  Vessels:     character    of    vessels    and    capacity; 
method  of  loading  and  storing  lumber  on  board  for 
coastwise    and    ocean    cargoes;     time    and    crew 
required  for  loading;    cost  of  loading;    form  of 
ship    charter;     general    shipping    regulations    for 
foreign  and  domestic  trade. 

2.  Rafts:     object;     method   of    raft   construction; 
capacity,  length  of  time  and  crew  required  to  build ; 
cost  of  construction;    method  of  transporting  to 
market ;   cost  of  transportation ;   success  or  failure 
of  past  rafting. 

3.  Flumes : 

a.  Location:    principles  and  methods. 

b.  Construction:    clearing  right  of  way;    organ- 
ization of  work;    source  and  kind  of  material 
used;    form  of  box  used;    trestle  work;    ter- 
minals ;     grades ;     curves ;     material   and   labor 
requirements ;    costs. 

c.  Operation:     crew    required;     daily    capacity; 
cost. 

d.  Maintenance:    average  life  of  flume;    repairs 
required ;    cost. 


33 

VII.  SALE  OF  LUMBER 

A.  Sales  Department :   organization ;    force  required ; 
methods  of  sale;   cost  per  1000  board  feet. 

B.  Markets:    territory  in  which  lumber  is  sold;    rail 
and  water  freight  rates  to  important  markets ;   chief 
demands  of  foreign  and  domestic  markets. 

C.  Prices  :  value  of  lumber  f  .o.b.  car,  and  at  important 
wholesale  markets. 

VIII.  LATH  MANUFACTURE 

A.  Plastering  Lath. 

1.  Character  of  raw  product  used;   yield  per  cord; 
yield  per  1000  board  feet  of  lumber  manufactured. 

2.  Manufacturing  plant. 

a.  Equipment:  character,  number,  and  location  of 
various  machines  in  the  plant;  relation  to  saw- 
mill plant  (follow  schedule  for  circular  saws, 
when  describing  saws  used  in  bolter,  lath  mill, 
and  lath  trimmer)  ;  character  and  location  of 
transfer  devices  for  bringing  raw  product  to  mill, 
and  removing  finished  product,  and  refuse — daily 
capacity. 

3.  Manufacture :  describe  in  detail  methods  of  man- 
ufacture;    sizes  of   finished  product;    method  of 
packing;     grades;    cost   for   labor,   repairs,   sup- 
plies, etc. 

4.  Seasoning  lath:    facilities  for;    methods;    length 
of  time  required ;   shed  storage ;  weight  before  and 
after  drying. 

5.  Shipment :    methods ;    car  capacities. 

6.  Crews :    crews  required  to  operate,  wages,  quali- 
fications. 

7.  Markets  and  value  of  product. 

8.  Trade  prejudices  against  the  use  of  certain  species 
for  lath;    reasons. 

B.  Byrkit,  or  patent  lath. 

1.  Character  of  material  from  which  made. 

2.  Advantages  of  this  form  of  lath. 


34 

3.  Equipment  for,  and  method  of  manufacture. 

4.  Grades. 

5.  Cost  of  manufacture  and  handling. 

6.  Markets  and  value  of  product. 

C.     Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Lath  Manufacture. 

IX.  SHINGLE  MANUFACTURE 

A.  Raw  material  from  which  manufactured ;  yield  per 
cord  of  bolts,  and  per  1000  feet,  log  scale. 

B.  Manufacture. 

1.  Plant:     location    with    reference    to    saw    mill; 
character  of  power  plant;    shingle  machines,  char- 
acter, number,  daily  output,  crews  (follow  schedule 
for  circular  saws,   sawmill,  in  describing  shingle 
saws) — cost  of  manufacture. 

2.  Classification,  size,  and  weight. 

3.  Packing :    methods  ;    daily  output  per  man  ;    cost. 

4.  Seasoning:    methods;    time  required. 

5.  Shipment :    loading  devices ;    car  capacity. 

6.  Markets :     localities    in    which    sold ;     rates    to 
market;    value  f .o.b. ;    chief  competing  species  in 
important  markets. 

7.  Quality  of  "mill  shingles"  as  compared  to  those 
made  from  bolts. 

8.  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Shingle  Manufacture. 

X.  NAVAL  STORES  INDUSTRY 

A.  General  Data. 

*i.     Organization  of  woods  force;    duties. 

2.  Lease:    form  and  value;    operating  regulations. 

3.  Number  of  crops  worked. 

4.  Number  of  men  employed  and  character  of  labor. 

5.  Size  and  arrangement  of  various  camp  buildings. 

6.  Total  annual  output  of  crude  resin  and  refined 
turpentine  and  rosin. 

B.  Operation. 

1.  Litter  burning;    time  and  method. 

2.  Class  of  trees  bled. 


35 

3.  Length  of  time  bled. 

4.  Yield. 

5.  Boxing :   season ;  method ;  dimensions  and  capac- 
ity of  box,  height  of  box  above  ground;    average 
number  of  boxes  per  tree;   tools  used;   number  of 
boxes  cut  daily  per  man ;    cost  per  box. 

6.  Patent  cups. 

a.  Preparation  of  face  for  cup ; "  season ;  cost ; 
method  and  cost  of  inserting  gutters,  aprons,  or 
other  equipment;  method  and  cost  of  hanging 
cup;  value  of  cups;  capacity;  total  cost  of 
placing  a  crop  of  cups ;  yield  of  crude  turpentine 
in  cups ;  expense  of  operation ;  merits  of  differ- 
ent cup  systems;  superiority  over  box  system. 

7.  Cornering :  season ;  method ;  tools  used ;  number 
cut  daily  per  man ;    cost. 

8.  Chipping  and  pulling :    season ;    method ;    tools 
used;    cost;    number  of  boxes  worked  per  man; 
size  and  length  of   "streaks" ;    how  often  made ; 
designations   of    various    aged   boxes;     length    of 
various  aged  faces. 

9.  Dipping:      frequency;      yield;      method;     cost; 
method  and  cost  of  transportation  of  "dip"  to  still. 

10.  Scraping:   season;   method  of  collection ;  tools; 
yield  of  different  aged  faces. 

11.  Raking:    season;    method;    cost;    efficiency. 

12.  Effect  of  box  system  and  cup  system  on  the 
forest ;  per  cent  of  trees  killed ;  damage  to  lumber 
product. 

C.  Distillation. 

1.  Still:    equipment,  arrangement,  capacity,  cost. 

2.  Operation:     season;     charging    the    still;     time 
required  for  distillation;    skimming;    condensation 
and  storage  of  spirits  of  turpentine;  determination 
of  progress  of  distillation;    rosin  straining  appa- 
ratus and  straining  methods;    yield  of  products  in 
quantity  and  grade. 

D.  Preparation  for  Market. 

i.     Turpentine:    character,  size,  and  preparation  of 


36 

package;    cost  of   package;     gauging  and  deter-i 
mining  quality  of  product. 

2.     Rosin :  character  and  size  of  package ;  equipment . 
of  cooperage  shop ;    method  and  cost  of  manufac- 
turing barrels;    grades. 

E.  Markets :     chiefs    centers    for    sale    of    product ; 
freight  rates  to  market;    character  of  middlemen  in 
chief  markets;   value  of  product. 

F.  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Naval  Stores  Industry. 

XL    HARVESTING  TANBARK 

A.  Species  used. 

B.  Yield  per  average  tree  of  a  given  diameter  and  per  jf 
1000  feet,  log  scale. 

C.  Peeling:     season;     tools    required     (saws,    axes, 
"spuds,"   etc.);    crew,  duties,  wages,   daily  output; 
felling;    ringing;    relation  to  time  of  logging. 

D.  Seasoning:    method  of  piling  at  time  of  peeling;  j 
time   required   for  drying;     stacking   in   the   forest; 
weight  per  cord  green  and  dry. 

E.  Transportation:    season;   equipment  (sleds,  chut  s, 
carts,     wagons,     pack     animals,     manual     labor 
methods ;    cost. 

F.  Markets  and  sale  value  of  product;    freight  raljcs 
to  market;    storage  at  the  tannery. 

G.  Cost  of  tanbark  harvesting. 
H.     Disposition  of  peeled  wood. 

I.     Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Tanbark  Harvesting. 


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